本课目标

学完本课，你能够：

• 把固定上限与可调整项目分开；
• 用非人称和被动表达报告估算、分配和优先级；
• 说明某项资源为什么必须优先，而不把偏好伪装成客观规则；
• 用The trade-off is …同时说清得到与放弃；
• 在固定预算下提交一份可核对的重排建议。

本课边界

Rosa完成资源表后发现原草案需要约1,200美元，并会用完20个额外工时的全部上限；Owen为整个探索性试行设置的预算上限是800美元。所有数字只服务这个原创虚构场景，不代表真实餐饮业成本。二人今天只形成送交会议的建议，不在本课批准试行或安排员工。

场景词汇

• resource ceiling 资源上限
• extra staff-hour 额外工时
• contingency 预备金／应急余量
• non-essential item 非必要项目
• cost estimate 成本估算
• protected coverage 受保护的人员覆盖
• defer 推迟
• reallocate 重新分配

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Limited resources do not remove choice; they make the choice visible

Owen and Rosa compare the resource sheet with the fixed ceiling. They must decide which parts protect the learning purpose and which parts merely make the pilot look more polished.

Part A — Separating limits from preferences

Owen: We’re working with limited resources. The draft requires about twelve hundred dollars and uses all twenty extra staff-hours, but the budget ceiling is eight hundred dollars.

Rosa: It has been estimated that protected staffing alone will cost six hundred and forty dollars. That figure comes from the current hourly rates and four two-and-a-half-hour evening blocks.

Owen: Then labor is not the place to pretend we can save money. The proposal promised two named staff members and recovery protection.

Rosa: I agree. Priority should be given to safe coverage and the next-morning schedule. Without those, we would be testing whether people can absorb unpaid strain, not whether the booking model works.

Owen: What accounts for the other five hundred and sixty dollars in the original estimate?

Rosa: New printed menus and table signs are one hundred and eighty, extra menu inventory is one hundred and sixty, a booking-software add-on is one hundred and twenty, and contingency is one hundred.

Owen: Which of those produces evidence we cannot get another way?

Rosa: None of the printed material does. The existing booking form can collect the required details, and the trial can use the café’s current table cards.

Owen: If we remove the new printing and software, we can free up three hundred dollars. That brings the estimate down to nine hundred.

Rosa: We still need to find one hundred dollars without cutting protected staff time or eliminating all contingency.

Part B — Naming the trade-off

Rosa: The extra inventory estimate assumes fourteen guests can choose from the full daytime pastry range. A smaller trial menu would reduce both waste and preparation.

Owen: How much has been allowed for inventory if we offer three items and require the order forty-eight hours in advance?

Rosa: Eighty dollars across four trials. If we reduce that line by eighty and reduce contingency by twenty, the total reaches eight hundred exactly.

Owen: The trade-off is less customer choice and less financial buffer in exchange for keeping four evidence points and protected staffing.

Rosa: Yes, but no allowance has been made for equipment failure or a late staff absence. If either occurs, the meeting needs authority to pause rather than exceed the ceiling automatically.

Owen: Put that in the recommendation. It is expected that each trial will stay within its assigned resources, but an unexpected event should trigger review, not hidden overspending.

Rosa: We also need to lower the maximum group size from fourteen to twelve. Three menu items and twelve guests fit the current preparation capacity more honestly.

Owen: Does that weaken the demand test too much?

Rosa: It narrows what we can learn about larger groups. In return, it lets us test the core process within the stated staffing and budget limits. That limitation should be recorded, not concealed.

Owen: Then the recommendation is four smaller trials, protected labor first, existing tools, a limited menu and a pause rule. The meeting can accept that trade-off, choose fewer larger trials or reject the pilot.

Resource sheet

Item	Original estimate	Recommended	Reason
protected extra labor	$640 / 20 hours	$640 / 20 hours	preserves two-person coverage and recovery rule
new menus and signs	$180	$0	use existing table cards
extra inventory	$160	$80	three-item preordered menu; max 12 guests
booking add-on	$120	$0	use existing form
contingency	$100	$80	pause and review if exceeded
total	$1,200 / 20 hours	$800 / 20 hours	within fixed ceilings

Check the story

1. What two ceilings cannot be exceeded without a new decision?
2. Why is protected labor given priority?
3. Which two items are removed completely?
4. How is the inventory estimate reduced?
5. What happens if an unexpected event exceeds the available contingency?
6. What important limitation remains in the revised recommendation?

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被动表达可以突出过程，也可能隐藏责任

It has been estimated that protected staffing will cost $640.

若来源影响判断，应补based on current hourly rates或in Rosa’s resource sheet。正式语气不能代替证据来源。

优先级需要连接目的

Priority should be given to protected staffing because the pilot must measure a sustainable process.

只说X is a priority仍然可能是个人偏好。说明它保护哪项目的、风险或边界，判断才可核对。

取舍必须同时包含得到和放弃

The trade-off is less choice in exchange for protected staffing and four evidence points.

若只说收益，就不是完整取舍；若只说损失，也不能支持决定。

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本课负荷说明

本课主动掌握6个新词块。CH393—CH398的平衡、目的、条件和取舍语言完成远迁移；GR058的信息压缩在资源说明中复现。

1. We’re working with limited resources.

把讨论放回共同约束；中性。后续要说清限制具体是什么。

We’re working with a fixed budget and twenty extra staff-hours.

2. We can’t fund everything at once.

说明资源排序不可避免；直接但不针对个人。

We can’t fund everything at once, so each item needs a purpose.

3. Priority should be given to …

用被动形式突出优先对象；略正式。最好补充判断依据。

Priority should be given to the coverage that protects staff recovery.

4. It has been estimated that …

报告当前估算；正式、报告性。估算不是最终事实，来源重要时必须补充。

It has been estimated that protected staffing will cost $640.

5. If we remove／defer …, we can free up …

说明重新分配动作与结果；中性、解决问题导向。

If we defer new signage, we can free up $180.

6. The trade-off is …

命名得到与放弃之间的交换；分析性。

The trade-off is less menu choice in exchange for protected staffing.

Don’t Say It That Way

容易说出的句子	问题	更准确的表达
There’s no money, so the idea is impossible.	未区分固定目标与可调整设计	We have a fixed ceiling, so we need to identify which items protect the core test.
Staffing is obviously more important.	把判断写成常识	Priority should be given to staffing because the pilot must not depend on hidden strain.
It is known that this will cost $640.	把估算加强成事实	It has been estimated at $640 based on current hourly rates.
We lose nothing by cutting the menu.	隐藏信息损失	The trade-off is less evidence about larger groups and wider menu demand.

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1. 非人称报告：It + passive + that …

It has been estimated that staffing will cost $640.
It is expected that each trial will stay within its assigned resources.

适合突出估算或预期内容。estimated / expected / reported的强度不同，不可互换。

2. 对象前置的被动：subject + passive

Priority should be given to protected coverage.
No allowance has been made for equipment failure.

它把资源对象或缺口放在句首，但仍可能需要补充谁作出判断、依据什么。

3. 时态必须对应状态

• has been estimated：估算已经形成，与当前决定相关；
• is expected：当前存在的预期；
• will be allocated：决定后将在未来分配；
• was prepared by Rosa：过去完成并有明确来源。

4. 被动不应用来逃避决策责任

It was decided that …若决定者重要，应补The meeting decided …。本课使用被动来管理信息焦点，而不是隐藏谁有权批准。

快速练习

完成或改写：

1. It has been ______ that staffing will cost $640. (estimate / estimated)
2. Priority should be ______ to protected coverage. (give / given)
3. No allowance has been made ______ equipment failure. (for / by)
4. The resource sheet was prepared ______ Rosa. (by / with)
5. 改写并补来源：Everyone knows the pilot costs $1,200.
6. 改成主动句，明确决策者：It was decided that the budget would be $800.

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共同限制重读资源名词：

We’re working with a limited BUDGET / and limited staff HOURS.

优先级句重读对象和原因：

Priority should be given to PROTECTED COVERAGE, / because recovery is part of the test.

取舍句使用对称节奏：

The trade-off is LESS CHOICE / in exchange for SAFER STAFFING.

影子跟读

We’re working with limited resources.
Priority should be given to protected coverage.
If we defer the printing, we can free up one hundred and eighty dollars.
The trade-off is less choice in exchange for safer staffing.

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A. 理解检查

判断正误：

1. The revised plan may use more than $800 if bookings look promising.
2. Protected labor uses all twenty extra staff-hours.
3. New signs are necessary to collect demand evidence.
4. The limited menu reduces inventory cost.
5. Unexpected costs are automatically taken from the daytime café budget.
6. The smaller group size limits what the pilot can show about larger events.

B. Fixed / Flexible / Deferred / Removed

按资源表分类并说明：

• $800 ceiling;
• two-person protected coverage;
• new printed menus;
• booking add-on;
• menu breadth;
• contingency amount;
• four-trial recommendation.

注意：recommended不等于fixed。

C. 被动报告改写

1. Rosa estimates that labor will cost $640.
2. The team should give priority to recovery coverage.
3. The original sheet does not allow for equipment failure.
4. Rosa prepared the resource sheet from current rates.
5. The meeting will allocate resources only after approval.

至少两句补充来源或依据。

D. L78提案语言近R

用六句把一个资源请求放回完整提案：说明问题、三部分方案、主要收益、主要风险、有条件结果和本轮准确请求。必须主动调用L78的六个核心词块。

E. GR058远迁移：压缩但不隐藏范围

把下列信息各写成一个准确名词短语：

1. the cost sheet / Rosa prepared it / it uses current hourly rates;
2. the staff members / they would close and open the next day;
3. the figures / they were collected during four weeks of inquiry logging;
4. the limitation / it affects conclusions about groups larger than twelve.

F. CH393—CH398远迁移

用六步说明资源平衡：

There has to be a balance between … and … / Although …, … / The reason I … is that … / I need … so that … / In order to …, I’d have to … / The trade-off is …

G. 固定预算重排

你有1,000点资源，五项分别需要450 / 300 / 250 / 200 / 150点。任务必须保留安全、核心功能和一次复查。提交：

• kept items;
• removed or deferred items;
• exact total;
• evidence-based priority rule;
• one trade-off;
• one trigger for reopening the budget.

H. 实用写作：资源建议

写160—210词，包含上限、来源、优先项、被删项目、释放资源、取舍、未覆盖风险和会议可选的三个决定。

I. 中译英情境表达

1. 我们的预算和额外工时都有限。
2. 我们不可能一次给所有项目拨款。
3. 应优先保证员工的恢复时间。
4. 根据当前时薪估算，人员覆盖需要640美元。
5. 如果推迟新标牌，我们就能释放180美元。
6. 取舍是减少菜单选择，以换取受保护的人员配置。

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给每一笔资源写“因为”

保留项若不能完成This protects … because …，就可能只是习惯性偏好。被删项也要写清失去什么证据或体验。

检查被动句的来源

圈出所有it is said / it has been estimated / it was decided。逐句判断是否需要补报告者、依据或决策者。

三天后的复测

换一组资源数字，在两分钟内重排。必须说出精确总额、一个非人称被动、一个完整取舍和一个重开条件。

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• 我能区分固定上限、建议项和可调整项。
• 我能正确使用非人称被动并保留必要来源。
• 我会用任务目的解释优先级，而不是只说个人偏好。
• 我能同时说清取舍中的得到与放弃。
• 我完成了固定预算重排、160—210词建议和三天后复测。