本课目标

学完本课，你能够：

• 用一般过去时说故事主线，用过去进行时交代当时背景；
• 用过去完成时指出“在另一个过去时间之前已经完成”的动作；
• 使用时间路标帮助听者恢复事件顺序；
• 根据几份顺序打乱的文字材料重建时间线；
• 用2分钟讲清一件包含“更早原因”的小意外。

本课边界

本课只建立过去完成时最核心的一项用途：区分两个过去事件的先后。不扩展过去完成时的全部用法，也不要求每个过去动作都使用它。

影像展中的12组照片仍是候选材料。本课出现的是内部审核用的复制件和临时编号，不代表任何照片、故事或说明文字已经获准公开。

场景词汇

• review copy 内部审核用复制件
• candidate number 候选编号
• temporary card 临时卡片
• file name 文件名
• scan order 扫描顺序
• match 匹配；对应
• sort 排序
• permission record 许可记录

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Twelve photographs in the wrong order

Daniel arrives at Harbor Street Arts Center to review twelve candidate photo pairs with Lena. The copies are on the wall, but several are under the wrong temporary number cards.

Daniel: By the time I got there, all twelve review copies were already on the wall. For one second, I thought I'd brought the wrong candidate list.

Lena: I had the same reaction. I was opening the upstairs rooms when Jules, the morning assistant, offered to help with the board.

Daniel: What had you done before he started?

Lena: Before that, I'd printed the temporary number cards and put your folder on the table. Then I went downstairs to let a class in.

Daniel: And Jules put up the copies while you were downstairs?

Lena: Right. A few minutes later, I came back and saw him finishing the last row. At first, everything looked neat. That's when I realized the old bookshop photo was under number eight, not number three.

Daniel: It turned out that he had sorted the copies by file name.

Lena: Exactly. He thought the numbers in the file names were our candidate numbers.

Daniel: That makes sense. Those file names show the scan order. I'd already written the real candidate number on the back of each copy before I left the folder here yesterday.

Lena: Good. Just as I was about to take everything down, I noticed the numbers on the backs. We can fix the order without guessing.

Daniel: So the sorting had happened before you noticed the first mismatch.

Lena: Yes. Then I stopped Jules before he added any working notes. We checked two copies together, but I waited for you before changing the whole board.

Daniel: Thanks. Let's turn them over one row at a time and match them to the candidate list.

Lena: And let's keep the temporary cards separate from the permission records. I don't want an internal number to look like an approval.

Daniel: Agreed. In the end, nothing was lost or damaged. We only need to restore the sequence and write a clearer instruction for the next review session.

Lena: I'll tell Jules what happened. He was trying to help, and the folder didn't explain the two numbering systems.

Daniel: I'll add a cover sheet: “Use the number on the back. File names show scan order only.”

三层时间骨架

时间层	只记录关键词
当时背景	Lena opening rooms; Jules helping
更早已经完成	Daniel writing candidate numbers on the backs
主线与结果	Lena noticing mismatch; group restoring order; permission unchanged

先根据英文对话自己补出连接词；这张表只帮助检查时间层，不代替阅读对话。

Check the story

1. What did Daniel see when he arrived?
2. What was Lena doing when Jules offered to help?
3. How had Jules sorted the copies?
4. Where had Daniel written the real candidate numbers?
5. Why did Lena wait before changing the whole board?
6. Did the internal numbers show that the photographs had permission for public display?

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A. A different event: the late projector delivery

下面是一次会议设备配送的六份记录。材料故意没有按时间排列。这是一组独立阅读材料，不是主对话的改写。

Card A — Delivery receipt, 9:18 a.m.
The training coordinator accepted the projector at the east entrance. The box was unopened.

Card B — Driver note, 8:58 a.m.
I arrived at the west entrance and called the number on the order. No one answered, so I waited in the loading area.

Card C — Building notice, sent 7:40 a.m.
The west entrance will be locked from 8:45 to 9:10 during a safety inspection. Deliveries should use the east entrance.

Card D — Coordinator's message, 9:07 a.m.
Sorry I missed your call. I was in the elevator. Please meet me at the east entrance.

Card E — Order confirmation, sent the previous afternoon
Delivery is scheduled for 9:00 a.m. at the west entrance. Contact: Nina Park.

Card F — Driver update, 9:12 a.m.
I had already moved the van before Nina's message reached me. I am walking the box to the east entrance now.

B. Rebuild the sequence

1. 把六张卡按事件顺序排列。注意：发送时间早，不一定代表它描述的是最早作出的安排。
2. 哪份较早的信息没有及时反映在订单上？
3. 司机到达西门时，西门发生了什么？
4. 设备最后在哪里交接？状态如何？

C. Retell without reading every timestamp

先找一个过去的叙事锚点，再说明更早原因和最后结果：

The driver arrived at 8:58. Before that, …
By the time he arrived, … had …
It turned out that …
In the end, …

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本课负荷说明

第1—6项是本课全新主动表达；第7—10项是第33课叙事路标的近距离复现。本课共10项，不把相似句式重复计算为新词块。

表达	功能与语域	新生活例句
1. By the time I got there, …	以“我到达”为较晚锚点，说明此前状态；中性	By the time I got to the store, it had closed.
2. It turned out that …	引出后来发现的真实解释；中性	It turned out that the meeting was online, not in Room 4.
3. I'd already …	说明在另一个过去时点之前已经完成；中性	I'd already paid before I noticed the extra charge.
4. Before that, …	从当前叙事点退回更早一步；中性	We met at the station. Before that, we'd only spoken online.
5. That's when I realized …	标出自己开始明白问题的时刻；中性	That's when I realized I'd left my badge at home.
6. … had happened before …	明确说明一个动作先于另一个过去动作；解释性	The change had happened before the notice went out.
7. It all started when …	给故事设置起点；中性、自然	It all started when the kitchen light went out.
8. At first, …	说明最初的理解或状态；中性	At first, I thought the package was mine.
9. A few minutes later, …	把主线向后推进一小段；中性	A few minutes later, the owner called me back.
10. In the end, …	给出实际结果；中性	In the end, we moved the appointment to Friday.

Don't Say It That Way

容易出现的问题	更清楚的表达	原因
When I arrived, he sorted everything before.	By the time I arrived, he had sorted everything.	用两个过去层次标清先后
Yesterday I had arrived and had called her.	Yesterday I arrived and called her.	顺序已经清楚时不必连续使用过去完成时
The photos were approved.	The review copies were put in order; permission is still open.	内部排序不等于公开许可
It turned out he was careless.	It turned out that he had followed the file names.	陈述可核对的原因，不给人贴标签

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1. 先确定较晚的过去锚点

Daniel arrived at the arts center.
Jules had placed the copies on the wall before Daniel arrived.

arrived是故事中的较晚动作；had placed说明到那时已经完成的更早动作。

2. 基本形式：had + 过去分词

形式	例句
肯定	Jules had sorted the copies.
否定	Lena hadn't changed the whole board.
提问	What had Lena done before Daniel arrived?

口语中的 I'd / he'd / she'd / we'd / they'd 在这里是 had 的缩写，因为后面跟过去分词：I'd printed / he'd sorted。

3. 三层时间各有工作

时间作用	常用结构	例句
当时背景	过去进行时	Lena was opening the rooms.
故事主线	一般过去时	Jules offered to help.
更早完成	过去完成时	Daniel had written numbers on the backs.

4. 顺序已经清楚时，回到一般过去时

Lena came back, noticed the mismatch and stopped the work.

这里三个动作按出现顺序推进，使用一般过去时更自然。过去完成时的作用是消除先后歧义，不是把整段故事“升级”成更高级的时态。

快速练习

1. By the time Daniel arrived, Jules __________ the last row. (finish)
2. Lena was opening the rooms when Jules __________ to help. (offer)
3. Daniel __________ the numbers before he left the folder there. (write)
4. Lena came back and __________ the mismatch. (notice)
5. What __________ the driver __________ before Nina's message reached him? (do)

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本课网页已配有完整对话、逐句播放和跟读停顿。它是熟悉课文配音，不计作陌生声音听力成绩。

在过去完成时里，had常缩成 'd。不要只听缩写，要听后面的过去分词：

I'd PRINTED the cards.
He'd SORTED the copies.
We'd ALREADY LEFT.

意群与重音

By the time I got THERE, / they'd already STARTED.
Before THAT, / I'd only seen the EMAIL.
That's when I realized / I'd brought the WRONG FILE.

先慢速读清两个时间层，再用自然速度读。信息重音放在帮助听者恢复时间线的词上，不要把每个词都读得一样重。

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A. 理解检查

判断正误。

1. Daniel found an empty review wall when he arrived.
2. Lena was opening rooms when Jules offered to help.
3. Jules deliberately ignored the candidate numbers.
4. Daniel had written the correct number on each copy.
5. Lena changed the entire board before Daniel arrived.
6. The group still needs permission before any candidate material is public.

B. 选择正确的时间层

用括号中动词的正确形式完成句子。

1. I __________ dinner when the power went out. (cook)
2. By the time the technician arrived, the screen __________ working. (stop)
3. The technician checked the cable and __________ the system. (restart)
4. Before that, we __________ the same problem twice. (have)
5. A few minutes later, the picture __________ again. (appear)
6. That's when we __________ the loose connection. (notice)

C. 陌生材料迁移：恢复投影仪配送顺序

不要回看主对话，只使用第3部分的六张卡。

1. 写出卡片的事件顺序。
2. 用5—7句向一位没看过材料的同事解释：原安排、较早通知、司机到达时的情况、联系中断和最后交接。
3. 必须使用一次一般过去时、一次过去进行时和一次过去完成时；材料没有说明的原因不得补写。

D. Lesson 33词块近距离检索

合上第33课。根据六个全新英文情境写出自然的一句话。

1. Get a friend's attention before telling a true story about a suitcase that returned by itself.
2. Say the story began when you picked up the wrong umbrella outside a clinic.
3. Explain that your first belief was that the café had charged you twice.
4. Move the story forward from a missed call to a reply shortly afterward.
5. Say that your bus arrived at the exact moment you were going to order a taxi.
6. Close a story by saying the neighbor received the correct package and you got yours back.

E. Lesson 32跨册无提示检索

下面是与影像展无关的新情境。请用一句英文完成每项功能。

1. After discussing three weekend routes, ask for the current workable version.
2. Suggest reducing a first cooking class from twenty dishes to six.
3. State that your team has not promised a public launch date.
4. Name checking the room capacity as the first action.
5. Require all three roommates to agree before anyone books the service.

F. 对话补全

用本课表达补全一段新的办公小意外。答案可有合理变化。

Nora: __________________________, the client was already waiting outside.
Sam: What had happened to the meeting-room booking?
Nora: __________________________, I'd reserved Room 3, but the calendar didn't save the change.
Sam: So when did you notice?
Nora: __________________________
Sam: What was the real cause?
Nora: __________________________ I had closed the page before clicking “Confirm.”
Sam: And the result?
Nora: __________________________, we used Room 5 and started ten minutes late.

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两分钟真实叙事

选择一件安全、日常、不会暴露他人隐私的小意外，例如错过车辆、带错文件、忘记附件、到错入口或重复预约。先只写六个关键词：

start / background / earlier / realization / action / result

录一段2分钟语音，要求：

• 一般过去时推进主线；
• 过去进行时交代一个背景；
• 过去完成时说明一个更早动作；
• 至少使用两个本课时间路标；
• 不逐句写稿。

隔一天只看六个关键词再录一次。比较两次录音：听者能否不追问就说出“什么先发生、什么后发生”？如果不能，增加时间路标，不要盲目增加过去完成时。

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为每项选择：能做到／还不稳定／需要重学。

• 我能用一般过去时讲主线，用过去进行时交代背景。
• 我能用过去完成时标出另一个过去动作之前已经完成的事。
• 我知道顺序清楚时不需要连续使用过去完成时。
• 我能听出 I'd / he'd / we'd + 过去分词 中的 had。
• 我能根据打乱的书面材料恢复事件顺序，不加入无证据的猜测。
• 我能在2分钟真实叙事中让听者分清背景、先发生和后发生的事。

若有两项以上选择“需要重学”，先重做第5部分时间线和第7部分B—C，再换一件新的日常小事录音。